Alternative medicines for various forms of cancer

Alternative medicine for cancer treatment are defined as a group of different healthcare and medical systems, procedures and products that are not part of the basic definition of conventional medicine( National Cancer Institute). Unlike complimentary alternative medicine, which can be used together with the conventional medicine for management of cancer, alternative medicine is used in solitary, without the inclusion of conventional medicine. In most cases however, people only result to alternative medicine use after conventional medicine has failed to achieve the desired results.When such happens, the disease is usually at a progressed stage, the effects of alternative medicine are usually minimal. Despite this however, the use of alternative is widespread across the world. In many cases however, it is difficult to make the difference between just what constitutes alternative medicine and complimentary medicine, since what may work for one patient may not necessarily work for anothe r patient. However, before taking up non-conventional medicine, whether as an alternative measure or a complimentary one, cancer patients are advised to confirm with their oncologistsThe revelation that cancer has about 70 percent nutritional or environmental component some decades ago have led to the advent of non-medical healing approaches for cancer. However, since there is no known cure for cancer, just like the conventional medicine used to treat cancer, the alternative medicine either inhibit the growth of cancerous cells or reduce the side effects that arise when one uses a conventional medicines. Alternative medicines are used in various forms. Key among them is herbal remedies, special diets, vitamins and acupuncture.Other alternative therapies include homeopathy, ayurveda and shark cartilage, mainly used to manage pain after one has undergone conventional cancer treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy. The use of alternative medicine first started in North American but has also spread to other parts of the world as the benefits become more apparent (Rosenbaum, H. Ernest 117) The popularity of the alternative medicine has resulted in academic institutions taking up research to prove or disapprove the effectiveness alternative cancer remedies. The popularity has attracted attentions by governments.In 1992, the United States government through congress mandated the creation of the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM); this office was later elevated to a center status in 1998 and renamed the Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). This federal supported center is mandated with identifying alternative medicines, researching them and disseminating relevant information to the general population. The center is also charged with stipulating diagnostic, preventive and treatment modalities that apply to the alternative medicine sector.NCCAM works closely with the National Cancer Institute, which also has a cancer complementary &Alternative M edicine (OCCAM) office that is involved in research regarding the role that alternative medicine play in cancer treatment (Rosenbaum 117). Dietary medicine Nutritional supplements and special anti-cancer diets are among the most prominent alternative therapies used for cancer treatment. The reasoning behind nutrition treating cancer thrives from the fact that vegetables and fruit are rich in dietary fiber and hence lowers one’s cancer risk. However, patients are also advised to avoid foods rich in dietary fats.Beyond what is supported by research findings, some people claim that some diets can actually cure some forms of cancer (Rosenbaum, 118) One of the diets touted as a feasible cancer treatment, although not backed by research is the macrobiotic diet (Horowitz, Joellyn & Mitsuo Tomito). The Macrobiotics diet stresses the importance of avoiding animal proteins. Instead, the diet encourages people to eat meals containing 50 percentage whole grains, 25 percent vegetables, 7. 5 percent beans in addition to the consumption of sea weed and fruits, nuts and seeds.The diet also stresses the need for the patient to engage in physical exercises, reduce stress, and avoid exposure to pesticides and electromagnetic radiation (Horowitz and Mitsuo). The alleged anti cancer properties for the Macrobiotic diet according the American Institute for Cancer Research may be derived from the fact that consumption of whole cereals minimizes cancer risks in various body parts. For example eating seaweed regularly reduces the risk of breast cancer by acting as an anti-estrogen (Braun, Lesley & Mark Cohen 127)Diets are especially effective when used to inhibit tumors that respond to hormones. The hormonal agents in the foods are used to control the hormonal levels in the body. Theoretically, the active components in foods and herbs can inhibit or stimulate tumor growth. A good example is the flavonoids found in nuts, fruits, vegetables and drinks such as coffee, tea and red w ine. Flavonoid is believed to have free radical scavenging properties, which modify enzymes responsible for activating or detoxifying carcinogens.When such happens, protein -1, which acts as the transcription factor promoting tumor growth is inhibited and thus the tumor cannot grow (Braun and Marc 128). The only downside to dietary intervention in cancer prevention and treatment usually arise because the flavanoids in everyday food is very low, thus reducing the effect that everyday eating has on tumor growth. According to research carried out by the American Institute of cancer research in collaboration with the World Cancer Research Fund, it is possible that foods high in dietary fiber protect people against colorectal cancer (73).The research however doubts that these same foods have any protective properties against esophageal cancer. Indirectly however, the reports states that the only link between esophageal cancer and high fiber diet is that the foods have low energy density and thus do not contribute to much weight gain as other foods would. Weight gain is linked to obesity, which is believed to pose higher cancer levels (74) There is scientific probability that non starchy vegetable could protect people against cancers of the Stomach, esophagus, larynx, pharynx and mouth.However, any protective properties of these vegetables against lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer or nasopharynx cancer were ruled out (75). The report further states that evidence supporting alleged protective properties of carrots against cervical cancer was limited, while it is probable that garlic has anti-colorectal cancer properties. Soya products could protect against prostate and stomach cancers, while the risk of larynx, pharynx and mouth cancers reduced with fruit consumption. Folate rich foods lower the risk of colorectal and esophageal cancers, while lycopene rich foods fight prostate cancerMind-body exercises The belief that one can influen ce the physical health by his/her mind is a long ingrained notion in most people’s mind. The conviction that most people holds such believes with has eventually led to the inclusion of mind-body exercises into mainstream medical procedures. Such include prayer and meditation. This belief suggests that a person is only as healthy as they allow themselves to be. Even when sick, the belief suggests that the course that the illness takes is fully dependent on one’s frame of mind (Rosenbaum 119).In Cancer treatment, the belief maintains that mental toughness plays a major role in overcoming malignancy. While conventional wisdom would suggest that prayer and meditation helps cancer patients handle psychological issues better, thus reducing stress and consequently increasing their survival rates, proponents of the healing powers of mind-body exercises believe otherwise. Though not proven through medical findings, cancer patients at times report getting healing after being pra yed for. Proven benefits of the mind and body exercises reduce anxiety, mood disturbances and stress among the patients.In addition, the exercises help reduce chronic pain, nausea, vomiting and thus helps improve the overall quality of life among cancer patients. Hypnosis is also among the relaxation techniques that cancer patients use to control anxiety, distress, pain or depression (DeVita, T. Vincent Et al 2958) Mindfulness mediation is also among the most common mind-body exercise used by cancer patients. It involves the individual accepting and acknowledging his/her health status. Once this is accomplished, the patients are encouraged to speak out their feelings in a group therapy setting.With time, the patients learn to deal with stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological needs that arise when one learns that they have cancer. Manual healing This includes touch manipulation techniques a practiced by chiropractic doctors and osteopathic doctors. Hand massage is also ef fectively used to reduce stress and alleviate anxiety among cancer patients. Another common form of healing is the therapeutic touch common in North America. This too is used on cancer patients to clear their systems through the healer’s hands, which are placed above the patient’s head.The efficacy of this method is however not backed by any scientific evidence and the psychological benefits that patients acquire are thought to come from the concern expressed by the caregiver during therapy (Rosenbaum 122). Herbal medicines Most Herbal cancer treatment across the world has no scientific backing to prove that they indeed have anti-cancer properties. Despite this, cancer patients continue to use them in the hope that their health concerns will be alleviated. One such example is the Essiac, which is popular in North America.The product is banned in Canada, but can still be found in shops across the United States. Essiac is made of four herbs namely: Slippery elm, Sorrel, Turkey rhubarb and burdock. Proponents of this herbal remedy claim that Sheep Sorrel is beneficial to the endocrinal system, while Burdock gets rid of free radicals hence purifying the blood. On its part, the slippery elm is said to dissolve mucous deposits on nerve channels, glands, or tissue hence soothing the inflamed organs, while the Indian rhubarb is said to help the liver get rid of toxins (Cassie, M.Rene). In Europe, a diffirent cancer herbal remedy known as Iscador is also widely used as a folk medicine. Although it is not backed by any scientific evidenced, Iscador is widely used in Europe, something that made European governments to fund studies to prove the effectiveness of the herbal remedy. Aromatherapy This involves the use of essential oils to activate learned memories in a cancer patient. Often practiced during massage, aromatherapy has been known to increase the quality of life for most cancer patients.Evidence that aromatherapy helps reduce anxiety, blood pressure , pulse rate, pain and depression abounds in the medical circles (Yarbro, C. Henke 604) Antioxidants Research has proved that antioxidants have free radical scavenging properties. Since conventional cancer, treatment uses therapies such as antimebolites, radiation and alkalizing agents, this evidence has made the use of antioxidants more common among recovering cancer patients. Products with high anti oxidant properties include vitamin E, Vitamin C and Beta carotene.Some alternative medicine proponents believe that Vitamin C increases the survival rate for breast cancer patients (Yarbro 606). In addition, Yarbro and others states that men suffering from prostate cancer may have more survival chances by taking vitamin E supplements. It is however notes that the results of same treatment may vary between different person due to the amount of doses that each takes and the duration differences. Shark Cartilage The shark cartilage is got from the spiny-dogfish sharks and has been used as a cancer therapy for centuries now.The belief that the shark cartilage could heal cancer sprouted from observations to the effect that sharks do not get cancer. The main properties of the shark cartilage that makes it so popular are the potential anti tumor activities. They include the cartilage’s ability to stimulate the immune system, ability to kill cells directly and angiogenesis. Despite its popularity, health practitioners against using shark cartilages as a form of cancer treatment claiming that there is insufficient evidence t o support its efficacy or safety (Yabro 608).

Advocacy Role paper

Advanced practice nurse's are reimbursed at a lower rate for the same services than physicians by Medicare, Medicaid and other private insurance companies. American medical association sets our scope of practice and regulations and legislation is often influenced by these recommendations. Advanced practice nurses should be consider as equal members of the healthcare provider community and receive equal reimbursement. To make these changes one must develop a plan and advocate for the profession.Advanced practice nurses are reimbursed at a lower rate, for the same services, than physicians. Medicare reimburses nurse practitioners at 85%, certified nurse midwives at 65 %, and physician assistants at 85% or less of the physician fee. The exception to the reimbursement rate is called the â€Å"incident to†. Medicare will reimburse at 100% if billed under a physician provider number. Medicaid pays 75-100% of the physician fee with the exception of some rural areas. Private insurance companies reimbursement to advanced practice nurses policies vary state to state.In an attempt to find ways to decrease cost, private insurance companies are beginning to follow Medicare's reimbursement policies. For advanced practice nurses the reimbursement policies vary according to state, company, and licensure, and are not equitable to physician reimbursement. This issue is being buried by the American Medical Association. The Affordable care Act addressed the reimbursement of physicians but APN were not mentioned. 1997 budget act is the last legislation passed that addressed reimbursement for advanced practice nurses.This act decided that advanced practice nurses are entitled to reimbursement. The legislators in Tennessee at that time voted for or against the act. This issue has not been addressed since then which could say that this is not a priority for the state. It could be the increae cost related to increased reombursement that keeps them from pushing the issue. The aff ordable Care Act addressed Medicare reimbursement but did not adress APN's specifically. The govener of Tennessee opted out of taking the money for the state. The federal govt. as to except the cost and reimburse at 100% this could have impacted advanced practice nurses in a positive way. As it stands This issue needs to be addressed with more impact especially after the affordable care and patient protection act. Nurse practitioners will be a solution of the problem and will want to be reimbursed according to care not license. Reimbursement of care provided by advanced practice nurses should equal physicians because they are providing the same service with equal or better outcomes.In a study done by Laurent, Herman, Reeves, Braspenning, ; Spinbald, â€Å"The findings suggest that appropriately trained nurses can produce as high quality care as primary care doctors and achieve as good health outcomes for patients. † Naylor and Kurtzman found that Nurse Practitioners â€Å"ou t performed physicians in easures of consultation time, patient follow-up and patient satisfaction. â€Å"(Naylor ; Kurtzman, 2010). A 2002 report to Congress by the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, however, was unable to tind reliable data to discern clear ditterences in the two groups' outcomes and expenses.

Play Activity Assignment Essay

This assignment is called Play activity. It is worth 30% of the overall grade of the module Early Childhood Education. As part of the assessment criteria of this assignment I must complete a play activity to a group o children aged between 0-6 years. WORK PLACE I have been starting to work in Creche X in Donnybrook area since two weeks ago (as a full time). I have been in a free trial, then part time till they decided I can start full time. I work in Baby room. There are five children at the moment. I love children and I like being around them. I haven’t worked before with babies, so it was a challenge and a big responsibility for me and I was very happy for the chance given to me. Despite the fact I had no experience to work with babies, I learnt lots of things in a short period of time and I can say I still have to learn few more. It is a small but spacious, but friendly and brightly creche. It is a full day care service from 7:30 till 6:00. They have a Baby room, Wobblers room, Toddler room and Montessori room. The Baby room has also a cot room with 4 beds. It is a lovely room plenty of toys and books (for babies). The creche has also a changing room, an office, a kitchen and a large outdoor garden. They provide breakfast and hot nutritious meals. All of their staff (six persons) are full trained and experienced. They are Garda vetted and First aid trained. They use the Montessori and Highscope methods of play and education. They have a secure access, outdoor safety surface, wheel chair accessible, daily log kept for parents. When parents come to pick up their children they must say a password or if they send somebody else to pick up their child, they must call before and then to say a password as well. DUTIES * Sign the children in and out * Keep daily record of each child (record book) * Parents sign in and out * Changing nappies * Feeding children * Playing with them ( sponge painting, hand print, activity gym, ball play, pulling objects, mirror play, face expression, different kind of music, messy play, etc) * Bring them to sleep area * Verify then from tem to ten minutes * Write every day on a Care of Sheet the quantity and the hours they had their bottles of milk, solids, how many time nappies were changed, * Write down on the Cot Sheet that you verified the children and they were safe at that moment * Answer the phone. * Hovering and mop every day the room * Fill out an accident report * Chat with parents about day’s activity * Medical consent and administration form for medicines given to children must be completed by the manager, parent, staff and witness. * Take the temperature of children that seem to be sick checking from 15 to 15 minutes and right down on the medicine book; if the temperature is high we call the parents * Verify every morning and afternoon the temperature from refrigerator * Hover and mop all the creche one day a week (when my turn comes) PERSONAL PROFILE My name is Mihaela Serea. I’m from Romania and I came in Ireland in 2008. I have been starting to work as a child minder for two families. I took care of a child of four years old and one of three years old. The second family just moved in UK two months ago, so I decided to start Fetac Level 5 in Childcare. In Romania I went to College for a period of 4 years Faculty of Letters, profile Romanian-English. During the college I completed the courses for the Department of Teaching in primary/secondary school. After the college I have done a master degree in Business Management for one year and half. During my Master degree I had the opportunity to work in a kindergarten. I was afraid of taking care of small children, but it was a really pleasant experience and I enjoyed it a lot. Some other courses completed: when I was in secondary school, I decided to do some courses within the area of computers. What I want to achieve from this module Early Childhood Education? It is a crucial period of children at this age, so I want to explore all the aspects of a child development, from safety and psychology to physical, cognitive and emotional development. I want to help children to gain confidence in everyday tasks, to ensure that the play is conforming to official health and safety standards. It is a period when walking, talking, vision of the world and moral foundations are established. The early years of life are critical to the development of intelligence, personality and social behavior. I would like to learn about children needs and interests. My unique selling points I enjoy teaching, but in Romanian language because it will be easy to express myself. In English I loose myself, I forget the words, I don t know anymore what I want to say, it s difficult, because in school we don’t communicate enough, we just learn to read, to write, grammar, exercises. When I was a child I dreamed to be a teacher. All my story books have marks on. I like painting, singing, computers, I like to be informed. One day I believe I will have my own business a creche. But first of all I need to work in a creche for more years to get more experience and to find out everything I need to know about. I like children very much, I will be a good manager and I think it will be good money as well, if I provide a good service. Title of play activity: Autumn leaves Aim Autumn is a great time to teach children about leaves. I want to learn them through play and exploration of the nature and to get involved with it. Collecting different leaves they learn different colors, shapes and structures. Another aim is to develop children’s creativity by mixing colors, working in groups. Consultation with my supervisor When I take a group of children out I have to be aware of their safety: planning, permission, supervision, transport. In my case, I go into a park just near by our location with a group of pre school children. I spoke with my supervisor to give permission and a letter should be sent to all the parents/guardians of the children. Co-operation with families is essential to ensure the welfare of the children. The supervisor told me it s not necessary a transport, because it is just two minutes away. We do not need packed meals, only some bottles of water, tissues, spare clothing, small first aid kit, a charged mobile phone and emergency contact numbers, ensuring that the service’s insurance policy includes adequate cover for outings. I have to take care of health, safety and hygiene of children maintaining a high standard of care which promotes the development of the children. Children should be suitably dressed for the outing in cloths which protect against the weather. Children should not wear their best cloths. Children’s clothing needs to allow them freedom of movement so that they can take full advantage of all the opportunities offered on the outing. I remembered to children about road safety. Always we cross the road at safe points such as traffic lights. I checked the place in advance to be sure of the facilities that are available and the area that may be a danger to children. Benefits of my chosen theme: A study of leaves/ autumn opens up possibilities for learning in many content areas. Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, and Art all contribute to a unit on leaves. If there is access to a park or playground, the children can go on a leaf gathering walk. When this isn’t possible, children can be encouraged to gather leaves at home with their families and bring them in to the classroom, or teachers can provide the leaves. Leaves change colors, usually from green to red, orange, yellow and brown. Leaves can be found on trees, fall to the ground and we rake them. Children sort the leaves they collected by color, size or type of leaf. Fall is a beautiful time of year, when the leaves change color and fall from the trees. Besides sweeping them up and bagging them, consider putting the fallen leaves to good use. Children collect and turn them into leaf art. The multi-colored leaves make beautiful craft projects, and the best part is that they’re free. There are several types of crafts you can do from leaves. The only limit is your imagination. Going out in the park they learn different types of animals. Also children learn about the season ‘’autumn’’: season of the year between summer and winter, lasting from the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice and from September to December; period of maturity verging on decline. Five related themes: 1. Leaf print 2. Hedge hogs 3. Colors 4. Collecting leaves 5. Autumn leaves Chosen activity: I have chosen an art activity to be completed with a group of 5 children within a pre-school setting. Preparation: * I will talk with my supervisor in order to inform her about the background of the play activity assignment * I will bring a photocopy of my plan about this play activity * During the meeting I ask her about some suggestions related to the play activity and its educational content * I ask my supervisor if parents will give the permission to take the children in the park * I will ask my supervisor about a suitable time and location to complete the play activity and what I may need to get. * I wil try to figure out how long it may take to complete this activity * I will create a checklist in order to ensure that all essential supplies are present during the play * Equipment needed to complete the skills demonstration will be: baskets to collect the leaves, glue, white papers, small and big paintbrushes, water based paints, paper plates, paper tissues, wet wipes, and aprons. The paint used will be non toxic. Implementation: First of all the activity will be safe for the children to undertake. The park was at 5 minutes walking away from our location and it was a safe area. I gave them baskets to collect the leaves from the park We spent 2 hours in the nature Wash hands Gather materials using the checklist as a guide Set out an area permitted by the supervisor Put on the aprons on each child I give to each child a paint brushes and paper plates I showed them how to make the operation They cleaned up the mess Evaluation: As part of my assessment for the FETAC module: Early Childhood Education, I must complete one play activity within a work place setting. I tried to follow step by step the plan in order to complete the Play Activity ‘’Autumn leaves’’. I spent almost two hours in the park with children, and then we came back. 1. How the skills demonstration went from my personal viewpoint 1. In my opinion everything went very well and I was really happy that I succeeded to complete it. The children helped me a lot because they followed my verbal instructions. Before we have gone to the park, I gave them wood baskets to collect the leaves. I provided all the materials they needed to deal with for printing leaves on the papers. First of all I showed them how to do it. I took one of my own leaves, I painted it and I put the painted side on the sheet of paper and gently press it with my hands. After few seconds, I lifted the leaf. They could choose small/big paint brushes and colors to use. I could see they tried to make the operation very well exactly as I showed it to them. TC1 and TC3 showed a big concentration. Despite of the fact that CT2 wanted to work on his own, he mixed the colors very nice. 2. How the skills went demonstration went from the child’s viewpoint The Play Activity ended very well, all children have been happy about their creations. I put on their creations their names and I hanged them on a wire. They applauded/clapped their hands and had big smiles on their faces. They showed a lot of concentration when they started to paint. 3. The last part of the evaluation is actually the development of children through this play activity as following: P. I. L. E. S Physical Development: This was developed when all the children collected leaves from the ground and when they printed the leaves on the papers. In the park they collected leaves using their fingers (fine motor skills). They moved from a place to another, jumping and running around developing their gross motor skills. (Large muscles: legs, body movements). They held the paintbrushes (fine motor skills) to print the leaves. Intellectual: They counted how many leaves they had at the end and they sorted the leaves based on colors and sizes (Logical/math). They compared their leaves to see who has the largest one (Concentration). Through art they developed their creativity and expression of their art when they put different colors of leaves on papers. Children love to find interesting shaped leaves. T. C 4 remembered some names of the trees they learned in the classroom (memory). T. C 1 pretended he is the child of the jungle, Mowgly (imagination). T. C3 stick two papers side by side to make a bigger collage of leaves printed and T. C4 mixed the colors of the leaves on the paper. (creativity). TC4 pretended he is a rabbit in the forest, so he started to jump like a rabbit. (imagination). Language: This was developed when children understood my verbal instructions related to leaves (collecting them, counting them, make comparisons, painting the leaves then stick them for few seconds on the papers, etc). They learned new words related to and animals trees like maple, oak, squirrels, etc Emotional: This was developed when T. C1 expressed his happiness about discovering he found the largest leaf. T. C2 started to sing a song we have learned in the class. T. C4 started to cry because he falls down on the ground. TC3 was angry because TC1 pushed him on a side just to take his leaf he found on the ground. They developed feelings associated with winning and losing. Social: This was developed when I brought them together in the park, in the nature. T. C1 was playing with the others. T. C3 collected leaves with T. C4. (team work, the ability to work in groups, interaction with the others). When we were in the classroom I put them to work in pairs of two. (they learnt to share the equipment, be patient, clean up the mess). Howard Gardner Kinesthetic: CT4 jumping like a rabbit, so he developed his gross muscles (legs). They played together, running. CT3 is very good at craft, he was doing a great job sticking two papers side by side, and making a bigger collage of different colors, shapes of leafs printed. Naturalist: CT2 was excellent at recognizing the squirrels. They enjoyed being in nature, exploring the nature, collecting leaves. CT1 recognized some flowers. Interpersonal: CT3 seem to be a a natural leader enjoy teaching the others how to paint the leaf and then to stick them on the paper. I noticed CT3 is a closed friend to CT4. Intrapersonal: When I put them to work in groups of two, CT2 replied to me that he prefers working alone. He showed a strong sense of independence in the park as well collecting the leaves on his own. (He does a great job on his own). Recommendations for change: I propose for the next time when we go into a trip, we should choose a larger place with more attractive/educational spots for children to see and we should take more children and more staff. It will be more fun. Impact on children: Children enjoyed going out exploring the natures, collecting the leaves. They deal with shapes, colors, how they look combined. They loved to use different colors to paint the leaves and they seemed very enthusiasts about their work. At the end at the project they were proud of their work. They learned to work in groups. Painting gives them the ability to share their equipment, to clean up their mess. They learned to be patient, they learned new words. Personal learning: * I learned to complete a play activity in a pre-school setting * I learnt to apply theory to practice * I improved to communicate with my supervisor and ask for advice regarding my plan activity.

School Secretary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

School Secretary - Assignment Example Keeping of school records is of benefit to the educational department and the individual skills as it helps keep a record of crucial student information. This paper discusses some of the procedures involved in the above aspects and their importance in the New York department of education. A school secretary is an important figure in the school administration and provides support to both parents and students and the entire school community. To be a secretary you need to have a well organized and set up office and working in a school environment as a secretary is and added advantage (Hart). Several skills are required to be an excellent school secretary, some of these include proper communication skills both verbal and non verbal, you need to have experience in this job to be able to have good relations with people as part of the job description is to be social and friendly, to have great skills such as computer skills, and organizational skills. Duties and responsibilities of schools secretaries include receiving phone calls and transmitting messages from one person to another. The school secretary is involved in sending mails and receiving mails on behalf of the school community. These makes use of good written communication skills, the secretary should also be good with typing skills and should be punctual at all times. The secretary should have good communication schools also because he or she mingles with students, teachers, visitors and the entire school community. The school secretary is also involved with handling finances such as paying invoices and receiving payments so the secretary needs to be honest in all the duties to have a clean relationship with the school community. The school secretary is the source of information and the link between students and parents within the school. The visitors, parents and other officials make dates with the school management through the secretary. In most situations a school se cretary is

Monopoly, duopoly and barriers to entry Assignment

Monopoly, duopoly and barriers to entry - Assignment Example Thus, Q = 3 is the profit maximizing output. This is not a Pareto efficient equilibrium. Pareto efficiency requires the price to equal marginal cost. Therefore, the Pareto efficient equilibrium would have the price equalling $12 and then from the demand curve we find that the Pareto efficient equilibrium quantity would be the solution to 12 = 24 – 2Q which implies that the Pareto efficient quantity would be Q = 6. 1) Playing â€Å"Don’t cooperate† is the dominant strategy for both firms. Note when the other firm plays â€Å"Collude†, playing â€Å"Collude† yields a payoff of $9 whereas â€Å"Don’t cooperate† yields a payoff of $10. Again, when the other firm plays â€Å"Don’t cooperate†, playing â€Å"Collude† yields a payoff of $7 whereas â€Å"Don’t cooperate† yields a payoff of $8. Therefore, playing â€Å"Don’t cooperate† yields a higher payoff irrespective of the rival firm’s strategy. Hence, â€Å"Don’t cooperate† is a dominant strategy for both firms. 2) The Nash equilibrium strategy profile is {Don’t cooperate, Don’t cooperate}.This is best seen by noticing that since â€Å"Don’t cooperate† is a dominant strategy, neither player has a unilateral incentive to deviate from this profile. Hence, it is the unique Nash equilibrium in this game. 3) The Nash equilibrium strategy profile leads to aggregate profits of $16 ($8+$8). The highest aggregate profits are earned in this game from the {Collude, Collude} profile, where both players earn $9 so that the aggregate profits are $18. Therefore, the Nash equilibrium strategy profile does not maximize aggregate profits. 4) The monopolist prices the good at $18 and sells 3 units in equilibrium. Its per unit cost is 12. Thus the monopolist’s total revenue is TR = 3 x 18 = $54 and its total cost is TC = 12 x 3 = 36. Therefore the monopolist’s profit is $54 - $36 = $18. If the firms successfully collude, their total aggregate profits are equal to the monopolist’s profits. But since they

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentation - Essay Example Several studies have also demonstrated that the development of vocabulary knowledge early in school influences reading comprehension skills later in life. Since the founding of the first school for deaf students in the U.S. in 1817, literacy has been a primary educational goal for the deaf. Many different communication approaches such as oral/auditory communication, total communication, and bilingual/bicultural communication have been used in the pursuit of this goal. Despite almost 200 years of attention, DHH students are still leaving school with language skills that are grossly underdeveloped and, in many cases, are not even achieving functional literacy. This study focuses on the research question of what serves effectively to improve deaf students’ acquisition of new reading vocabulary in the third grade. A questionnaire was designed to gather teachers’ views on the most effective approaches that enable students to achieve greater academic success in building vocabulary: oral/auditory communication, total communication, or bilingual/bicultural

Principle of banking and finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of banking and finance - Assignment Example However, it is notable that the dividend is paid only if the company makes a certain amount of profit, Finn (1999). On the other hand, a corporate bond is a long-term debts owed to individuals. In this case, the corporate that issues the bond enters into a contract with the person that purchases the bond. In the contract, the company promises to pay the total amount of debt after a prescribed period. In addition, to this, the corporate gives interest after every 6 months on each bond and in accordance with the term of the bond contract. Stock market plays a pivotal role in the economy as it is a key to the growth of commerce and industry and as such affects the economy to a large extent. The government can watch on the happenings of various sectors of the economy by a mare look at the trends in the stock market. Equally, individuals who want to invest can compare the figures given in the stock market so as to make important investment decision, Elmuti (2003). For the corporate, they can either take a credit facility when they need to finance a project or float some of its stock in the stock market. As such, investors are able to buy the stock and thereby allowing the bank to raise the required capital, Fang

Turning Away From Drug Abuse and Allowing God to Reign Over the Life Case Study - 1

Turning Away From Drug Abuse and Allowing God to Reign Over the Life - Case Study Example According to the organization’s strategy, the members are given a platform where they can hold meetings in accordance with the principles in the organization’s literature. The organization maintains no hierarchical authority structure. Meetings are held on the basis of the group’s specifications but adhering to the organization’s principles. When I joined my group, I was warmly welcomed by the other members who were more than willing to help me recover from my disease. The twelve step program aims at enabling a person to accept himself/herself as a powerless person over drug use and that his/her life had become unmanageable. The second step is concerned with helping the drug addict believe that a greater power can restore sanity back to the addict. The third step involves helping the addict turn away from drug abuse and allowing God to reign over the addict’s life. Through sharing our life experiences and how drug abuse had rendered our lives unmana geable, I realized how I had lost very many opportunities out of drug use. A self-realization process started taking control and I started keeping off from drug use at a slow pace. By the end of the program, I had fully recovered from drug abuse and can now comfortably manage my life (Milhorn, 2003). Through prayer and meditation, my conscious contact with God greatly improved and I continued taking the personal inventory of myself. When I made a mistake, I admitted the mistake and worked towards the betterment of my life. Attending the Narcotics Anonymous has truly helped me recover from the use of drug substances.

(1)Explain and evaluate Platos epistemological position or Essay

(1)Explain and evaluate Platos epistemological position or - Essay Example Many philosophers regard experience and reason as the basis of knowledge. Reason and experience as ways of identifying knowledge commonly referred as rationalism and empiricism. A rational philosopher deems that, knowledges basis is on self-evidence and principles. Knowledge that does not rely on sense of experience is priori while knowledge that relies on experience posteriori. Plato is an example of a rationalist because he believes that sense experience does not provide people with certainty whether what they experience is true. He deems that, the information people receive by relying on sense is unreliable because it changes constantly. The unchanging forms or principles are what Plato believes to be thinking or reasoning (Bobonich 15). When an individual has an opinion founded on undoubted principles, then he has a strong foundation of the opinion. This foundation helps individuals to take a belief to be more than an opinion and makes people identify a belief to be true. When individuals believe something is true, then this is knowledge. For individuals to gain the knowledge they ought to surpass the changing flux of the physical world and hold a rational permanent order behind the world. The grasping of a rational permanent order is an intellectual functioning of the mind, and in its purest form there is formal (Brandwood 25). The intellectual act can only take place when there are innate ideas that have a foundation. Knowing normally assumes the definition as the process of making the observable world intelligible through relating it to the external order of the truth. Plato defines the changing world and materials as the realm of forms. He argues that physical objects are real if only they are intelligible, but they can only be intelligent in unchanging terms. What makes something to be intelligible cannot be constantly changing; hence, it being unrecognizable to be that thing. It is therefore; correct to say that a

Intellectual Property paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intellectual Property paper - Essay Example The main controversy of the current situation in realm of IPR can possibly be formulated as follows. On the one hand, IPR holders require that government should implement new laws ensuring absolute security of their intellectual property. This requirement seems logic and reasonable, especially if we take into consideration the growing number of intellectual property thefts that occur these days. Absence of effective legislation may lead to further growth of IPR infringements. Yet, on the other hand, in light of the recent developments in the realm of IPR protection, a number of experts express concern that requirements of IPR holders to fully protect their intellectual assets might potentially erode capabilities that have been previously permitted to the public by copyright law under the "fair use" doctrine or its cousins, such as 'first sale' or 'limited term' doctrine. This paper identifies the most controversial issues associated with intellectual property rights in contemporary environment and analyzes whether IPR are justified in the form they currently take. The traditional instrument, which regulates use of intellectual property, is intellectual property law. ... The statue protected British printers after the advent of the printing press, and also protected European book importers1. From legal perspective the IPR norms and regulations covering the digital environment are more complex and controversial than those applied for traditional media. As a result, many legal practices, which are highly effective for protection of the IPR in traditional environment, may not be applicable nowadays2. Despite recognition of the need to adjust traditional intellectual property laws in order to reflect the recent changes in this realm, the situation still leaves much to be desired, both domestically and internationally. As Boyle ironically noticed nearly ten years ago, ".modern international policy towards IPR much resembles previous 'freedom of the seas'3. Despite multiple declarations, the situation remains practically the same up to date. Notwithstanding efforts of the US and EU to unify national legislations, efforts of WTO, and in many cases outdated Acts regulate modern principles of digital data4. The issue of intellectual property in digital environment is covered by several Acts in the United Kingdom. UK legislation differentiates the IPR of physical materials (e.g. print data) and digital IPR. At the same time, British legislation does not cover as many aspects of digital IPR as, for example, American one. The old laws are still in use in many cases which hinders proper protection of IPR in digital domain5. According to British legislation, intellectual property rights are; "legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields"6. As well as American and pan-European

Teaching Third Grade Students Art Appreciation Essay

Teaching Third Grade Students Art Appreciation - Essay Example Jerrold Levinson in his book The Pleasures of Aesthetics proposes the characterization of aesthetic pleasure as "pleasure in an object is aesthetic when it derives from apprehension of and reflection on the object's individual character and content, both for itself and in relation to the structural base on which it rests" (Levinson, 1996, p. 6). In other words, learning to appreciate a piece of art aesthetically is to appreciate its forms, quality, value and meaning while at the same time observing the way it relates to its surrounding environment. In order to appreciate art and experience the aesthetic pleasure associated with it, students of the third grade should be taught the elements and principles of art. Elements of art comprise line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space. Line is a moving point which creates an identifiable path. It is one-dimensional, varies in length, width and direction and is used to define the edge of forms. Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, curved, wide or narrow. Shape is two-dimensional having height and width whereas form is three-dimensional having height, width and depth. Form can be depicted in art by use of lines and shading. Color is the light reflected off objects. The brightness or darkness of color used by artists to create various moods is called value. Texture refers to the surface quality of an object. This is achieved visually in two-dimensional pictures by the use of forms and colors so that the viewer comprehends the way the object would feel in real life. Spac e in art creates an illusion of depth. This is achieved by using perspective drawing techniques and shading (The Elements of Art, 2008). Third grade students are familiar with lines, shapes and form. They enjoy drawing basic shapes and lines and using it in their own creations. Mixing colors to get new ones can be taught so that they can experiment with primary secondary, tertiary colors, shades and tints. The value of the color, texture and space can be introduced to children at this level. The basic principles of art can also be successfully taught in the third grade. The principles are movement, unity, variety, balance, emphasis, contrast, proportion, and pattern (Elements of Art, 2008). Emphasis refers to the points of interest in the picture while balance is a sense of stability achieved by repetition of shapes. Contrast is combining different elements to create points of interest. Variety in a piece of art is introduced by using various shapes and textures. Movement is the creation of action using the elements of art in such a manner as to guide the viewer's eye throughout the picture. Pattern or rhythm is a type of movement created in the picture by repeating shapes and colors. Using dark and light colors alternately can also create rhythm. The relationship between the sizes of various objects in the picture is called proportion. Unity or harmony gives the picture a complete and uncomplicated look (Rider). Third graders can be guided to recognize these principles in the works of renowned painters and apply them in their work. Methods for Teaching Third Grade Students Appreciation of Art Children can be taught to appreciate art using various methods. However, the methods used should be interesting and simple so that the curiosity to experiment with art is aroused in the child. Children should also be able to relate their experiences with art to daily life and academic studies.

Bonchon Analysis Essay Example for Free

Bonchon Analysis Essay Banchan (pronounced bonchon) refers to the assorted sides served alongside a main course in Korean cuisine. About a half dozen banchan are served at any meal; the best known are kimchi — pickled dishes, made of either fermented cabbage (baechu), daikon radish (mu), or other vegetables like scallions (pa) — although they might also include japchae (glass noodles), marinated tofu, or even American potato salad. Typically served in small portions that are meant to be finished (and replenished if necessary) at every meal, banchan are shared amongst everyone at the table. My favorite banchan is ggakdugi, or kak tu gi, the spicy diced radish kimchi. BonChon is a Korean word meaning â€Å"original village†. Just as people yearn for their hometown, we hope that our customers will seek our amazingly crispy, juicy, and flavorful chicken wherever they are. As we grow and expand, we will make sure that he who seeks BonChon shall always find it. BonChon’s mission is to bring the most gratifying eating experience to people around the globe, and to be a company which cares for and grows with our franchisees and customers. Through a culture of hard work and loyalty, we aspire to be a reliable and constant source of quality food and service, dedicating ourselves to encouraging joy and positive energy in all those who encounter us.

How Sleeping Hours Affect Students Studies

How Sleeping Hours Affect Students Studies STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE I HOW SLEEPING HOURS AFFECT STUDENTS’ STUDIES IN UTAR PERAK CAMPUS FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE TITLE : HOW SLEEPING HOURS AFFECTS STUDENTS’ STUDIES IN UTAR PERAK CAMPUS Index Abstract Sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality affect the study performances of students. The purpose of this statistical study is to determine whether the amount of sleeping hours affect the students’ studies of UTAR Perak Campus. It is hypothesized that participants who have lower sleep deprivation and higher sleep quality will perform better in their studies than those who experience higher sleep deprivation and lower sleep quality. Introduction According to Gilbert and Weaver (2010), human bodies require not only basic needs of air, water and food to function well but also sufficient sleep as it is important for learning, memory consolidation, critical thinking and decision making. For optimal functioning in academic, sleep is essential. Sleep deprivation is now widely recognized as one of the significant public health issues not only among students but people of all ages and groups. Some shows excessive sleepiness and this is then related to not the quantity of sleep obtained but the quality of sleep. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) Both sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are prominent among students because often they have irregular sleep patterns due to the workloads from their study schedule and also clubs’ activities. This resulted in them having short sleep lengths in the weekdays and also later wake-up time on weekends. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) It is recognized by university psychologists that student academic performance is being negatively affected by poor sleep quality and/or sleep deprivation. Though depression is also one of the factor that affects academic performances of students, sleep quality may even be more significant of a factor than depression in affecting students’ studies. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) It is found that impact of sleepiness on mood is large as higher negative mood states are being reported by students who fell asleep during class. Research Questions Will sleeping hours affect the academic performance of students of UTAR Perak Campus? Researchers want to find out how different amount of sleeping hours affect the studies of students. What are the factors that affect the quantity of students’ sleeping hours ? Researchers are interested in finding factors which will affect both the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours which will then leads to affecting the students’ studies. Will a students sleeping habit being influenced by friends and family? Researchers are keen to know to the extent of how friends and family will affect a student’s sleeping habit. How many hours of sleep do the male and female students need per day ? Researchers want to study about the amount of sufficient sleeping hours required by female and male students. What are the differences in CGPA scores of both male and female students according to the amount of sleeping hours they have ? The researchers are keen to study the differences in CGPA score obtained by both genders of students according to the amount of sleeping hours they have. Literature Review Sleep is very important to a human being’s health. The consequences of sleep manifest in both health and performance. The relationships between sleep and performance have been studied in many different fields including human science, medicine, psychology, education, and business and etc. Sleep-related variables for instance sleep deficiency, sleep quality, sleep habits have been shown to influence the performance of students (Lack, 1986; Mulgrew et al., 2007; National Sleep Foundation, 2008; Pilcher Huffcutt, 1996; Rosekind et al., 2010). According to Weitzman et al. (1981) , Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) was defined into three big categories which are long sleep latency on weekdays (normally fall asleep between 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.), normal sleep length on weekends (usually sleep late and wake up late on weekends); and difficulty in staying asleep. These sleep problem is common and is present in students around the world. Results indicates that in the U.S., 11.5% of undergraduate students were found to have DSPS (Brown, Soper, Buboltz, 2001). Not only that , Australian studies found the prevalence of DSPS in students (17%) to be higher than in adults (6-7%) (Lack, 1986; Lack, Miller, Turner, 1988). Studies related to DSPS have also been conducted in other countries such as Japan, Norway, and Taiwan (Hazama, Inoue, Kojima, Ueta, Nakagome, 2008; Schrader, Bovim, Sand, 1993; Yang, Wu, Hsieh, Liu, Lu, 2003). Furthermore, In Lack’s (1986) study, the DSPS group experienced sleepiness on weekdays more often rather than the non-DSPS group. In addition, , it was found that members of the DSPS group performed at a lower level academically when compared with the non-DSPS group when course grades were examined . In a more recent study, Trockel et al. (2000) found that first-year college students with lower GPAs reported later bedtimes on weekdays and weekends and later wake-up times on weekdays and we ekends. On the other hand, the relationship between sleep and academic performance was reviewed in other studies . Approximately 103 studies related to sleep loss, learning capacity, and academic performance; samples were carried out among students in different university by Curcio, Ferrara, and Gennaro (2006). According to Curcio, Ferrara, and Gennaro (2006), sleep loss was negatively correlated with academic performance. Results indicates that sleep-deprived students performed poorly on learning capacity skills for instance attention, memory, and problem-solving tasks, and that the lack of sleep therefore indirectly affected their academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a term meaning loss of sleep Drummond and McKenna (2009) . Moreover, sleep loss resulted in daytime sleepiness that was also correlated with poor academic performance studies showed a significant relationship between lower GPA and lack of sleep among college students. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test was an instrument use d to evaluate daytime sleepiness, which has been used by previous researchers (Carskadon, Harvey, Dement, 1981; Fallone, Acebo, Arnedt, Seifer, Carskadon, 2001; Randazzo, Muehlbach, Schweitzer, Walsh, 1998). On the other hand, another study was conducted to determine the various sleep patterns in medical students appearing in various ongoing professional at Shifa College of College of Medicine, Islamabed and to find out relationship between number of hours of sleep before an examination with academic performance in relevant exam. Majority of the students had reduced sleep in exam days and its reason was found to be studying late at night before paper and academic performance. There have been various reasons for decreased sleep in university and college students including watching TV and using the internet. A study done in a Pakistani medical university indicated that 58.9 per cent of the university and college students the most common cause of sleep deprivation was watching television and listening to music affects the students slept less than 8 hours a day . In addition, stress, in university and college students, is also a very essential contributing factor in inability to sleep at nig ht. Consumption of caffeine , pain killers, substance abuse and smoking at night to keep them awake is also another trend seen among students. This greatly contributes to sleeplessness at night among students and affects their academic performances adversely. (Oshodi OY, Aina OF, Onajole AT, Omvik S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Thayer J, Nordhus H. Qureshi AU, Ali AS, Hafeez A, Ahmed TM ). Moreover, the study showed that students who achieved good grade (A, B) were those who slept for more than 7 hours but those who majority failed in exam, were also mostly those who slept less. However, a similar study done in USA showed that students who had struggling grades (C’s D’s / F’s) were those who slept significantly less than those who scored A and B grades ( Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA). According to the study, student slept an average of only 4.74 hours before the exam and females slept less (4.71+1.82 hours) as compared to males (4.77+3.27 hours ). This was similar to a cross sectional study done in Sao Paulo, which showed that boys slept about 390 minutes. However, their academic performance was not affected by the disturbance in the sleep cycle. Furthermore, another research was done with 103 samples of undergraduate classes of University of Minnesota.This study separate unhealthy sleep habits into two categories which are quality and quantity of sleep. In this study, the survey asked questions related to their sleep habits in term of quality and quantity of sleep which separately measured in order to break up the term of â€Å"unhealthy sleep habits† and analysed this topic by using a different method compare to past research. In this research, the researchers found that sleep quantity and academic performance are related. This research shown that have the relation between part of sleep deprivation measures for the average week and the average amount of sleep obtained in a night and GPA. This result helps the college student by practical applications. From this research, the researchers found that amount of sleep and academic success are positively correlated, although cannot conclude that sleep better, score better in exam. Methodology Participants of the Study There are 50 participants in this study. They are degree students from University Tunku Abdul Rahman (Kampar) who are from faculty of art social science (FAS), faculty of business and finance (FBF), faculty of information communication and technology (FICT), institute of Chinese studies (ICS) and faculty of science (FSC). Their age range is from 20-24. Besides, there are 5 male and 5 female from each faculty. Instruments Our questionnaire consist of 15 closed-ended questions and each question involved different level of measurement such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ration scale.Our demographic details are gender, age, courses of studies and CGPA comprised in the questionnaire. ‘Sleep measures’ consists measurement of Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Onset Latency (SOL), Sleep Efficiency (SE) and Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO). It is determined by the Cole-Kripke (1992). Total Sleep Time (TST), which is duration of time actigraphically-determined as â€Å"sleep† within a 24-hour period, including daytime and nighttime periods of sleep. Sleep Onset Latency (SOL), which is time used between getting into bed and falling asleep, calculated as the time used from the start of actigraphically-determined â€Å"inactivity† to the first minute scored as sleep. We only refer TST and SOL among the four measurements in our questionnaire (question 2 and question3). To measure the sleep quality of students, we decided to use the Adult Sleep–Wake Scale (ADSWS). It is a self-report pencil-and-paper measure of sleep quality consisting of  ¬Ã‚ ve behavioral dimensions, which are Going to Bed, Falling Asleep, Maintaining Sleep, Reinitiating Sleep, and Returning to Wakefulness. The questionnaire consists of time taken to fall asleep at night (range from 1 hour), the amount of sleeping hours required in order to function well on the following day (range from Procedure We are curious about how sleeping hours affect students’ studies, so we came out our research questions. After that, we set our questionnaires and printed out for the participants. We select randomly 5 male and 5 female from each faculty. Our questionnaire also include inform consent for the participants. On average, each participant took about 10 to 15 minutes to complete our questionnaire. Once they completed their questionnaire, we collect the data immediately. Data Analysis Figure 1.Amount of sleeping hours affecting students’ studies Figure 1 shows the CGPA scores obtained by students of UTAR Kampar campus according to the amount of sleeping hours they have. Students are likely to obtained highest CGPA score range of 3.50 to 4.0 when they obtained seven to eight hours of sleep per day. Figure 2.Factors affecting the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours Figure 2 shows the factors that affect the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours. 34% of the total of 50 students chose homework as the biggest factor that affects their sleeping hours whereas only 6% of them chose co-curriculum as the factor that is affecting their sleeping hours. Other factors include being night owls, socializing with friends and time management Figure 3.Will a student’s sleeping habit being influenced by friends and family. Figure 3 shows that 11 male and 13 female students stated that their sleeping hours were influenced by friends and family while 4 male and 7 female students stated that their sleeping hours were not being influenced by friends and family. Figure 4.Amount of sleeping hours required between different genders of students Figure 4 shows that 13 male and 11 female students stated that they require seven to eight hours of sleep per day while only 2 male and 1 female students require less than five hours of sleep per day. Figure 5 shows the CGPA score obtained by both male and female students according to the amount of sleeping hours per day. Figure 5 shows that 10 male and 6 female students who had seven to eight hours of sleep per day score an average CGPA at the range of 2.20-2.99 while only 2 male students who had the same amount of sleeping hours score the lowest range of CGPA at 0.00-1.99. Only 1 male student who had less than five hours of sleep had a CGPA score range of 2.20-2.99 and 1 female student who had the same amount of sleeping hours had a CGPA score range of 3.00-3.49.

Discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk

Discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk When discussing the challenges faced by financial institutions in managing risk, it is important to have a consistent definition of the term risk. Risk can be defined as the volatility of a corporations market value. Risk management involves the protection of a firms assets and profits. Moreover, not only does it provide profitability but also other advantages like being in line with obedience function toward the rule, increasing the firms reputation and opportunity to attract more customers in building their portfolio of fund resources. Cebenoyan and Strahan (2004) suggest that the benefits of advances in risk management in banking may be greater credit availability, rather than reduced risk in the banking system (p.19). This means that banks will have a greater opportunity to increase their productive assets and profit. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. They can follow a four-step routine to reduce their risk exp osures and achieve their risk management objectives, as shown below. Figure 1 steps for implementing risk management To properly manage risks, the bank must firstly identify and classify the sources from which risk may arise at both transaction and portfolio levels. Risks inherent in lending activities include market risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and operational risk. Market risk is the risk arising from adverse movements in the level or volatility of market prices of equities, interest rate instruments, currencies and commodities. Banks are always facing the risk of losses in on and off-balance-sheet positions arising from undesirable market movements. The fundamental role of banks in transforming of short-term deposits into long-term loans makes them inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk. The FSA has defined liquidity risk as: The risk that a firm, though solvent, either does not have sufficient financial resources available to enable it to meet its obligations as they fall due, or can secure them only at an excessive cost. Another risk that banks face is credit risk. It is the risk that can be incurred if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations in a timely manner. Loans are the most palpable source of credit risk in many of the banking systems; however, other sources of this risk originate through other activities of banks such as acceptances, trade financing, interbank transactions, financial futures, foreign exchange transactions, swaps, equities, options, bonds, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions. Operational risk, as its name suggests, is a risk arising from execution of a companys business functions. The Basel Committee has defined operational risk as: the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or external events, such as the failure of computer systems or error and fraud on the part of staff. Apart from those risks mentioned above, the Federal Reserve System has recognised two other risks: legal risk and reputational risk. Legal risk is the risk of loss caused by sanctions or penalties originating from court disputes due to breach of contract and legal obligation. Another legal risk relates to regulatory risk, i.e., the risk of loss resulting from sanctions and penalties pronounced by a regulatory body. Reputational risk may be defined as the risk of loss caused by a negative impact on the market positioning of the bank. It can be seen as the blowing up of an initial loss, arising from credit, market, liquidity or operational risks. However, banks hardly pay attention to these categories of risks. Once identified, the risks should be evaluated to determine their impact on the companys profitability and capital. This entails measuring them by using various techniques ranging from simple to sophisticated ones. For example, market risk can be measured by using Value at Risk. This stage also calls for estimating three dimensions of each exposure: the potential frequency of losses that exposures have produced or may produce, the potential impact on the organisation if a loss should occur and the potential variation in losses that will occur during the exposure period. Accurate and timely measurement of risk is necessary because with these types of data the risk manager can determine which exposes are most serious and which deserve the most immediate attention. After measuring risk, bank managers should establish and communicate risk limits through policies, standards, and procedures that define responsibility and authority. In other words, these limits should serve as a means to control the risks associated with the banking institutions activities. There is a variety of mitigating tools that banks may employ to minimise the loss exposures. These tools may be diversification, securitization and even derivative such as withdrawal option, Bermudan-style return put option, return swap, return swaption and liquidity option. The final step involves appraising the operation of the program regularly to be sure that it is achieving planned results. It helps the managers to evaluate the wisdom of their decision-making. To efficiently monitor risk, all material risk exposures should be identified and measured again. To facilitate this procedure, banks should put in place an effective management information system (MIS) that will provide directors and senior managers with timely reports on the operating performance, financial condition and risk exposure of the firm. If corrective action is indicated at this stage, the first three steps should be repeated. 2.1 Corporate Governance in the banking sector Corporate governance is a term that is now universally invoked wherever business and finance are discussed. Its purpose is to coordinate a conflict of interest among all parties relationship within the company and to develop a system that can reduce or eliminate the agency problems arising from the separation of ownership and control (OECD, 1997). Agency problem occurs when the agents of an organization (e.g. management) use their power to satisfy their own interests rather than those of the principals (e.g. shareholders). It may also refer to simple disagreement between agents and principals. For example, the board of directors may disagree with shareholders on how to best invest the companys assets, especially when it wishes to invest in securities that would favour their interests. Not merely does the term corporate governance carries different interpretations, its analysis also involves diverse disciplines and approaches. One of the most quoted definitions of corporate governance is the one given by Shleifer and Vishny (1997): corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assures themselves of getting a return on their investment. The Cadbury Report, however, defined corporate governance as the system by which companies are directed and controlled (para 2.5). Additionally, it recognised that a system of good governance allows the board of directors to be free to drive their companies forward, but exercise that freedom within a framework of effective accountability (para 1.1). The Hampel Report, whilst accepting the Cadbury definition of corporate governance, also noted that the single overriding objective of companies is the preservation and the greatest practical enhancement over time of their shareholders investment ( para 1.16). In a similar vein, Charkham (1994) identified two basic principles of corporate governance: That management must be able to drive the enterprise forward free from undue constraint caused by government interference, fear of litigation, or fear of displacement. That this freedom- to use managerial power or patronage- must be exercised with a framework of effective accountability. Nominal accountability is not enough. In the banking sector, however, corporate governance differs greatly with other economic sectors in terms of broader extent of claimants the banks assets and funds. In manufacturing corporations, the issue is to maximise the shareholders value but in banking, the risk involved for depositors assumes greater importance due to the fact that almost every bit of banks investment are financed by the depositors funds. If it goes bankrupt, it will be depositors savings that the bank will lose. Indeed, Macey and OHara (2001) states that a broader view of corporate governance should be adopted in the case of banking institutions, arguing that because of the peculiar contractual form of banking, corporate governance mechanisms for banks should encapsulate depositors as well as shareholders. Arun and Turner (2003) also support this argument. Further, the involvement of government in banking is discernibly higher compared to other economic sectors due to the larger interests of the public (Capri o and Levine, 2002; Levine, 2004). Rational depositors require some form of guarantee before depositing their wealth in banks. Yet, it is relatively difficult for banks to provide these guarantees to them because communicating the value of a banks loan portfolio is quite impossible and very costly to reveal. As a consequence of this asymmetric information problem, bank managers can have an incentive to invest in riskier assets than they promised they would ex ante. To assure depositors that they will not expropriate them, banks could make investments in brand-name or reputational capital (Klein, 1974; Gorton 1994; Demetz et al 1996; Bhattacharya et al 1998), but these schemes give depositors little confidence, especially when contracts have a finite nature and discount rates are sufficiently high (Hickson and Turner, 2003). The opaqueness of banks also makes it very costly for depositors to constrain managerial discretion through debt covenants (Capiro and Levine, 2002, p.2). As such, government interventions provide the lacking assurance to economic agents in the form of deposit insurance. Nevertheless, although the government provides deposit insurance, bank managers still have an incentive to opportunistically increase their risk-taking, but now it is mainly at the governments expense. Apart from supporting the argument that a broader approach to corporate governance should be adapted to banking institutions, Arun and Turner (2003) also argue that government intervention do restrain the behaviour of bank management. The Bank for International Settlements has defined the governance in banks as the methods and approaches used to manage banks through the board of directors and senior management which determine how to put the banks objectives, operation and protect the interests of shareholders and stakeholders with a commitment to act in accordance with existing laws and regulations and to achieve the protection of the interests of depositors. The Table 1 below shows the general principles concerning corporate governance issued by the Basel Committee specifically for bank boards and senior management. Principle 1 Board members should be qualified for their positions, have a clear understanding of their role in corporate governance and be able to exercise sound judgment about the affairs of the bank. Principle 2 The board of directors should approve and oversee the banks strategic objectives and corporate values that are communicated throughout the banking organisation. Principle 3 The board of directors should set and enforce clear lines of responsibility and accountability throughout the organisation. Principle 4 The board should ensure that there is appropriate oversight by senior management consistent with board policy. Principle 5 The board and senior management should effectively utilise the work conducted by the internal audit function, external auditors, and internal control functions. Principle 6 The board should ensure that compensation policies and practices are consistent with the banks corporate culture, long-term objectives and strategy, and control environment. Principle 7 The bank should be governed in a transparent manner. Principle 8 The board and senior management should understand the banks operational structure, including where the bank operates in jurisdictions, or through structures, that impede transparency (i.e. know-your-structure). Table 1- Principles of corporate governance for bank boards and senior management 2.2 Corporate Governance Mechanism According to agency theory, the corporate governance mechanisms reduce the agency problem between investors and management (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Gillan, 2006). Traditionally, governance mechanisms can be classified as internal and external. Llewellyn and Sinha, (2000) states that internal corporate governance is about mechanism for the accountability, monitoring, and control of a firms management with respect to the use of resources and risk taking. The main internal monitoring mechanisms are the board of directors, the ownership structure of the firm and the internal control system (Gillan, 2006). Whereas, external corporate governance controls encompass the controls external stakeholders exercise over the organisation and its primary external mechanisms are the takeover market and the legal/regulatory system. However for the purpose of this paper, we will mainly focus on some internal corporate governance mechanism such as the board of directors, more precisely on its independence and financial knowledge. Corporate governance best practices have also stressed in particular the key role played by the audit committee in reviewing a firms internal control system. Internal control systems contribute to the protection of investors interests by providing reasonable assurance on the reliability of financial reporting, the effectiveness of operations and the compliance with laws and regulations (COSO, 1994; 2004). As such, we will also draw some attention on the importance of an audit committee. 2.3 The boards independence The popular media as well as corporate governance experts have characterised boards largely as rubber stamps for management. They are the link between the shareholders of the firm and the managers entrusted with undertaking the day-to-day operations of the organisation (Monks and Minow, 1995; Forbes and Milliken, 1999). As stated in principle 4 above, bank boards should properly supervise the work of managers. Which type of directors performs better this duty than independent director? In fact, such directors can bring additional experience as well as clarity of thought to deliberations independent of views of management. Moreover, since their careers are not tied to the firms CEO, outside directors are believed to be more powerful in keeping efficiently the firms top management (Fama, 1980; Fama and Jensen, 1983), and so could be associated with better performance. Some papers do support this theory. Baysinger and Butler (1985), being among the first studies, find that the relative independence of boards has a positive effect on the firms average return on equity by comparing 266 major US businesses over a ten-years period. Kesner (1987); Weisbach (1988); Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990); Peace and Zahra (1992); Ezzamel and Watson (1993); MacAvoy and Millstein (1999); Brown and Caylor (2004) and Ho (2005) also show that shareholder returns are enhanced by having a greater proportion of outside directors on the board. Research by Brickley, Coles, and Terry (1994) shows significantly higher returns to firms announcing poison pills(rights issued to shareholders that are worthless unless triggered by a hostile acquisition attempt) when outside directors dominate the board. Other studies supporting the benefit of the boards independence are Dechow and Sloan (1996); Beasely (1996) and Klein (2002) who state that as outside membership on the board increase s the likelihood of financial statement fraud decreases. There is also Black et al. (2006) who reports that firms with 50% outside directors have approximately 40% higher share price by studying 515 Korean firms. And more recently, Staikouras C. K., Staikouras P. K. and Agoraki M. K. (2006) find that the percentage of independent directors is positively related with performance measured by Tobins Q on a sample of European banks. On the other hand, others find no convincing evidence that the level of outside directors on the board do add value to corporate performance. For instance, Fosberg (1989) finds that firms whose board is composed of a majority of outside directors do not have a higher performance as measured by the firms ROE or sales. Similarly, Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) find that non-executive directors have no impact on corporate performance in their sample of 142 NYSE firms. Pearce (1983) also find no relationship, as too Changanti et al. (1985) in their study of board composition and bankruptcy. The lack of relation between these two components has also been confirmed by Klein (1998), Bhagat and Black (2002) and Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004). Other scholars refuting the effectiveness of outside directors on the board are Subrahmanyam et al. (1997) and Harford (2000) for the acquisition transactions, Core et al. (1999) for CEO compensation and Agrawal and Chadha (2005) for earnings restatements . It is normally the board of directors which overviews and approves the risk management policies. But, few papers have tried to link its independence to the firms risk management practices and hedging. By analysing a sample of bank holding companies, Whidbee and Wohar (1999) find that the likelihood of using derivatives seem to increase with the presence of external directors on the board but only when insiders hold a large proportion of the firms shares. Borokhovich et al. (2004) demonstrate that firms most active in hedging risk, especially when making use of interest rate derivatives usage, are those whose boards are dominated by external directors. Conversely, Dionne and Triki (2004); Mardsen and Prevost (2005) point out that outside directors has no impact on the firms risk management policy. Given the mixed empirical findings, it is quite difficult to assert whether the board independence contribute to corporate performance and the effectiveness of risk management. Although Fields and Keys (2003) assert that there is overwhelming support for independent directors providing superior monitoring and advisory functions to the firm, a unique and clear sign concerning the effect of the boards independence on any decision including the risk management one could not be predicted. 2.4 The financial knowledge of the board To adequately perform their supervision role, the board of directors must have financial knowledge (which relate to principle 1). Indeed, when board members are generalists and lack the technical financial knowledge to understand the complicated reports presented to them, they could vote for motions that increase the risks facing of the firm to a large extent. The company may collapse in this way and therefore hinder the shareholders interest. Because of the banks dominant position in the economy; they should possess some financial expertise directors on its board so as to make better decisions that will not lead the firm to go bankrupt. However, given its importance, the research on the value of the boards financial knowledge is quite scarce. At times, reports recognising the benefits of the boards independence also recommend financial literacy/expertise for directors in monitoring the firms performance. In fact, Booth and Deli (1999) and Guner, Malmendier and Tate (2004) suggest that commercial bankers on boards provide the financial skill needed to enable the business to contract more debt. Thus, this states that financial directors do add value to the firm. There is also Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) who provide evidence that positive abnormal returns associated with the addition of an outsider to the board are higher when the latter is an officer of a financial firm. Later on, Lee, Rosenstein and Wyatt (1999) do come to the same conclusion. However, they were unable to make any statistically difference among the reaction of the three categories of financial directors they consider: commercial bankers, insurance company officers and investment bankers. Moreover, Agrawal and Chadha (2005) discover that the probability of earnings restatement is lower in firms whose boards have accounting or financially knowledgeable independent directors. To the best of our knowledge, researches on the boards financial knowledge have only been related with the firms performance and not specifically on its impact on risk management practices. As mentioned earlier in this study, the board of directors is usually responsible for the firms risk management policies. In other words, risk management is at the core of any board members charter. Financially knowledgeable directors will obviously make better decisions on risk management practices since they will have the technical background to understand the sophisticated financial tools involved in the risk management transactions. As such, firms whose boards are composed of financially knowledgeable directors engage more actively in risk management. 2.5 The audit committee The audit committee is intended to provide a link between the board and the auditor independent of the companys management, which is responsible for the accounting system (IOD, 1995). The chief objectives of an audit committee are to improve the quality of financial reporting, to reduce the potential authority for the non-executive director, to improve the channel of communication with the external auditor and, perhaps most importantly, to review the adequacy of the companys financial control systems. Tricker (1984) defines audit committee as being an important vehicle for ensuring the supervision and accountability at board level. As such, audit committees are very important in banking to safeguard the shareholders interest as well as the public trust. Just as for the board of directors, independence is also considered important for audit committees because outside directors can exercise their voice and be seen to make a valuable contribution since they are free of any influence arising from the firms CEO. Thus, the reported empirical evidence supports this argument. Klein (2002) shows that independent audit committees reduce the likelihood of earnings management, thus improving transparency. In addition, Abbott, Park and Parker (2002) argue that firms with audit committees comprising entirely of independent directors are less likely to have fraudulent or misleading reporting. Ho (2005) states that there is a strong positive link between independent audit committee and corporate competitiveness and also with return on equity after analyzing the international companies from 1997to 1999. Brown and Caylor (2004) do provide evidence that audit committees comprising of independent directors are positively related to dividend but not to operating performance. On the other hand, some authors find a negative relationship or simply no relation at all between independent audit committee and the firms performance. Hayes, Mehran and Scott (2004) prove that the firms performance measured by the market to book ratio is not affected by the proportion of outside directors sitting on the audit committee. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) do come to the same conclusion by indicating that independent audit committee members are unrelated to earnings restatement. There are also Beasley (1996) who finds no apparent correlation between audit committees and financial statement fraud, and Klein (1998) who reports no relation between share prices and the audit committees composition. Yet, Carcello and Neal (2000) report a negative relationship between the probability of receiving a going-concern report and the proportion of outsiders on the audit committee. According to BÃ ©dard et al. (2004), each member of the audit committee should possess a certain level of financial competency. Moreover, corporate governance literatures argue that there should be at least one member of the audit committee with accounting background. Audit committees with such characteristics are expected to provide effective monitoring as they possess the skills needed to understand what is going on in the organisation. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) show that firms whose audit committees have an outside director with accounting background or financial knowledge are less likely to report earnings restatement while Abbott, Parker and Peters (2002) discover that the absence of a financially competent director on the audit committee is highly associated with an increased in financial misstatement and financial fraud. Xie, Davidson, and DaDalt (2003) find that the presence of investment bankers on the audit committee decreases discretionary accruals in a firm. Defond, Hann and Hu (2004) and Davidson et al. (2004) show that the market has a positive reaction following the appointment of directors with accounting /auditing experience on audit committees board. The audit committees are also responsible for evaluating the risk exposures and the measures taken to monitor and control these exposures. To our knowledge no paper has tried to link audit committees composition with risk management practices. Because of the mixed and conflicting argument on independence, it is difficult to attest whether audit committees independence encourage more corporate hedging. Risk evaluation and risk management tools are quite difficult to use. Understanding them requires a good grasp of mathematics and statistics. Therefore, we expect firms whose audit committees members are qualified as financial expert to engage more actively in risk management practices. Furthermore, The Cadbury Report has insisted that all listed companies should have an audit committee comprising of at least three members. This is to encourage firms to devote significant director resources to their audit committees so that audit committees monitor the firms management more efficiently. However, several studies support the idea that large boards can be dysfunctional. Larger audit committees may be plagued with free rider, communication problem and monitoring problems. Therefore, as long as the increase in the audit committees size does not pose these types of problems, firms complying with this requirement are expected to report a higher hedging ratio. Often, corporations, especially financial ones, create another committee named risk monitoring committees. These types of committee are often responsible of the risk monitoring of the firm. However, this does not imply that audit committees are no longer responsible for evaluating and managing risks. They must still discuss and evaluate risk management processes. In other words, audit committees are there to review risk management processes proposed by the risk monitoring committees. As such, same characteristics as audit committees should be applied to these types of committees to fulfil their duties well.

University Exclusivity Essay -- Education Argumentative Persuasive Ess

University Exclusivity This country that we live in, the United States of America, has a reputation as being the "land of opportunity." Foreigners and native-born citizens regard this land as the pot of gold at the rainbow's end for those individuals who wish to make a life for themselves through hard work and perseverance. Yet for many minorities and economically disadvantaged people, the dream is unfulfilled because the educational opportunities that they need are unavailable. The universities are as unreachable as top- shelf merchandise in a warehouse without ladders or lifts. They are no less unwelcoming than heavy steel doors slamming shut in the face of a visitor. The selections from The Presence of Others: Voices that Call for Response collectively give the reader a snapshot of which individuals are being excluded, and why. The role and responsibility of the university must be established, and areas in need of change should be explored. Historically, racism has prevented many from ever having the opportunity to move a tassel across their forehead. To rectify this situation, minority based schools were established. Affirmative action policies made their way into colleges all over the country and quickly became policy in many states. However, Shelby Steele pointed out that these policies may actually hinder more than they help. He believed that policies giving preference to anyone based on race alone actually increase the racial tension between minority and non-minority groups (75). He also wrote that such policies are only part of the problem. The fear of racial hatred may prevent prospective students from even attempting to attend college. He cites instances of blatant racial harassment even on campuses in which "b... ...ryone must be assigned an equal designation of worth. No one person is more deserving of an education than another. To deny the opportunity to anyone based on such criteria as class, race, gender or ability is to tip the scales and make some people less deserving than others. Universities cannot have license to do this. To all who would listen, let them learn. Works Cited Lunsford, Andrea A. and Ruszkiewicz, John. The Presence of Others: Voices that Call for Response. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Brooks, Gwendolyn. "We Real Cool." Lunsford 147. Hooks, Bell. "Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education." Lunsford 85-96. Rich, Adrienne. "What Does a Woman Need to Know?" Lunsford 44-51. Rose, Mike. "Lives on the Boundary." Lunsford 97-111. Steele, Shelby. "The Recoloring of Campus Life." Lunsford 63-84.

Mother Teresa Essay -- Essays Papers

Mother Teresa There are many people in this world that we consider great humanitarians. Mother Teresa was a unique individual that stood out of the crowd because of her involvement in helping the sick, poor and dying. She spent everyday of her adulthood caring for people that were in need by setting up the Missionary of Charity along with many homes for the people she cared for. Mother Teresa won many awards throughout her lifetime for her dedication to care for people in need. It is no wonder that Mother Teresa won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and is considered a saint. Anges Goxha Bojaxhiu was brought into this world on August 26, 1910 but considers her real birth date August 27, 1910, the day of her baptism. Anges was born into a Roman Catholic family although many Albanians at the time were Muslims. Even though her father died when she was nine, her mother made sure her children were well educated. "They prayed every evening, went to church everyday, prayed the rosary every day in May and assisted the service for the Holy Virgin."1 She really enjoyed going to church because she loved to read, pray and sing. Agnes made a very difficult decision at the age of eighteen that changed her life. She decided to join the Sisters of Loretto, which was a community of Irish nuns with a mission in the Archdices of Calcutta. In 1928 Mother Teresa went to India and began to teach at a convent school in Calcutta. She taught there for many years and even served as the principal. At last, in 1937 Anges Goxha Bojahiu took her final vows to become a nun and chose the name Mother Teresa after Saint Therese of Lisieux. In 1946, while on a train ride to be treated for tuberculosis, she received a "call from God to serve him among the po... ...4 Micheal Collopy, Works of Love are Works of Peace (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996), 72. 5 Micheal Collopy, Works of Love are Works of Peace (San Francisco: Ingatius Press, 1998), 43. 6 Matt Kantz, "Sainthood process to proceed Mother Teresa," National Catholic Reporter, 12 March 1999 Bibliography - Collopy, Micheal. Works of Love are Works of Peace San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996. - Mukherjee, Bharati. "The Saint: Mother Teresa." Time (1999): 88 - Kantz, Matt. "Sainthood Process to Proceed Mother Teresa." National Catholic Reporter (1999) - Gijzeghem, Lea Van. "Mother Teresa: Her Life" 22 March 1997. www.tisv.be/mt/life.htm> - Gjoni, Landi. "Mother Teresa 1910-1997: Life of an Angel" 1997. www.drini.com/motherteresa/her_life>

Macbeth and Macduff Essay

You have some excellent points, but I think you’re missing an essential part of the question here – compare and contrast. So far you’ve spoken about Macbeth in great detail and neglected the other two. The key here is balance. Say Macbeth is like so†¦. where as Banquo is like so†¦ and Macduff like so†¦ (this is contrasting) When comparing you are going to have to look at how each reacts in certain situations compared to Macbeth. For instance, Banquo reacts to the prophesies of the â€Å"weird sisters† with suspicion, mistrust and a certain level of foreboding whereas Macbeth reacts with elated disbelief, hangs on every word and sees it as the beginning of great things. And from his reaction the things said by the sisters were ambitions that were within him already whereas Banquo had no real ambitions to become father to a line of kings before that. That’s why he says â€Å"Speak to me who neither begs nor fears your favors nor your hate† – or something like that. And use quotes. A good essay always has good quotes woven into it. But don’t go wild with them. Just place one or two here and there to support a point. Also, personally I have never viewed Macduff and Banquo as heroes. They lack the heroic potency of a Shakespearean hero. Shakespearean heroes are dense characters and these two are pretty straightforward. With Shakespeare there’s always more to a hero than meets the eye. So I would say, it is clear beyond doubt that Macbeth is the hero of the play. But the key is – he’s a tragic hero, one who ends up a fallen hero. And aren’t such heroes always the best? Banquo and Macduff would have been boring heroes, clean, cut and straight as they are. They would have been so predictable. Whereas with Macbeth you could never know what he was going to do. In the beginning we are introduced to this good, noble guy who’s fatal flaw is ambition and we hope he won’t go through with Duncan’s murder but he does; we pity him, hope for his redemption even and are shocked by the things that he begins to do after the murder as he grows bolder and bolder.

Marketing Plan with SWOT Analysis

straight appearancel bounds is the most of import economic and societal force of the 21st century, and advanceder pedagogics al secondary see its importance and cultivate to grow in the coming decades. At the analogous time, as in early(a) industries and sectors, extraordinary, rapid change has become a constant for institutions of blueer gentility. This dynamic surroundings depicts challenges and opportunities as hale, which Is wherefore triad university trade 303 class has spent the last ogdoad weeks putting together a enlightenwide merchandising design process to go finished a variety of foodstuffing and enrolment issues facing common chord university appear fall campuses.Since its beginning in 1884 in Angola, indium, troika University has run throughd significant periods of app deceaseage and change while preparing school-age childs for charge success. While this appendage and change principally took air at the Universitys mall campus, It Is now entering a revolutionary conformation of growth and change. This growth and change is oc incumbent with three university eruptreach campuses. triplet Universitys mission for the outreach campuses is to declargon iodins pixie accessible teaching methodal opportunities that argon antiphonal to the needs of todays several(a) population and run to meaningful c beers and womb-to-tomb cultivation.To strike our session, we break set forth the hobby conclusions flummox our profess teaching facility naughty enrollment rate Promote associates, lives, and compass degrees to spark to a greater extent interest in attending the campus Add advanced degrees to current programs Offer tuition discounts and incentives Make programing classes easier and much avai research l up to(p) Reach out to Individuals and employers In the fraternity wishing to burst their development Achieve top coach ranking in participation To level and later armed service assess the marting scheme and its effectiveness, the market 303 class produced a SOOT analysis to help provide direction and serve as priming coat for the development of a merchandise plan which promotes troika universitys outreach campuses. We hope to accomplish this by assessing what we grasp to be the universitys specializations, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats colligate to achieving these strategies.A segmentation with these results is presented later in the marketing plan in its entirety, yet a some comments atomic shape 18 listed at a lower place. three University views undergraduate education as central to its mission and get out students to be wargonive, contri howevering members of society. To sustain leash University reputation of overall excellence in selected aras of graduate and repressions education, imagings go forth be pore on creating and strengthening areas of graduate hear in a manner that is antiphonal to regional needs. To promote the stirment, re tention, and success of its students, triad University go forth provide an surroundings bounteous in human renewal, with dedicated buy at services, in an outstanding instructional facilities. triple University pull up stakes create an empowered group of divers(a), unified, act and motivated employees who bequeath focus their incarnate skills, talents, and knowledge toward realization of the university mission and vision. Trine University believes that continuous planning and rating are needed to effectively chart the next of the university outreach campuses, and therefore provide increase its self-assessment. Trine University will secure, allocate or direct human, physical and pecuniary resources in a manner that enhances the university mission and vision. The two sign targets for Trine University will be high naturalize students and students numbering to pursue their unmarried man degree that already has associates.Priority, however, will be given to high school students because we will be able to reach out to them nice they will be scratch their degree from fresh. Gone are the long time when marketing and intercourse surenesss can importanttain the mental object produced about universities. The mesh has emerged as a place where users are quick, co-creators of content and accessible net fermenting in mainstream. Social media has surpassed e-mail as an online activity. More than ever, relevant, timely and salty content is learn in every marketing campaign. In the past year, Trine University Backbone, Twitter and Youth presence are on the rise and changing the way the students and the university are communicating.To effectively communicate and market to existing and prospective student, Trine University moldinessiness use a variety of strategies, establish on the target audience communication style, and constantly re-evaluate its marketing methods and messages to meet our diverse student population. Trine currently has a student enrollment of 1,791 students per year. They are intercommunicate to grow at approximately 8. 1% per year making their enrollment 1,935 in 2013 and 2,091 in 2014. They currently progress to a tuition cost of $25,400. 00 per year and $1 ,600. 00 in other expenses (such as books, lab fees & other miscellaneous costs). Trine has 52. 5 million per year in yearly sales and 1. 53 million in net income.Trines tuition is higher than Harrison College and II-JPLS that less than Indiana Wesleyan. The organizational body structure of Trine University outreach campuses will appear in its entirety in a later section however, the following few comments will briefly summarize trade 303 class ideas on a working organizational structure. We and students to nonion there is a local anaesthetic individual they can physically call or go see in an office setting. This individual will act as a liaison between the schoolchild Support Specialist and Trine Universitys main campus. This will help prom ote the olfactory property that Trine University is committed to the growth of its outreach campuses.A victorious marketing plan depends upon how well a company can blend its bulk and get the job done. If everyone is on the alike(p) page and know what it is they are strain to accomplish, the possibilities of success, are endless. Performance of this plan must be measured, and this means standards must be developed against which performance can be evaluated. The importance of proper and timely evaluation can non be overlooked. Communication between the line of business and the customer is essential for success. Customers will often try a new product one time. If they are not pleased with the product they will look elsewhere. UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION Theres a time and place for thinking and doing.We make both discover at Trine University. Founded in 1884, were know for our sloshed academic programs, portentous faculty, and active experiences that lead to real- humanity, skil l-based knowledge. The results are phenomenal. The rate at which Trine students find work related to their majors within six months of graduation-?at 92 percent-?is among the highest in the country. Our graduates first salaries excel the national average in every category. Explore Experience Excel Were a individual(a), non-denominational institution that grants associates, bachelors, and masters degrees in to a greater extent than 30 programs on campus, online, and at quadruple regional education centers.With only 1 ,450 students, our humbled class sizes ensure one-on-one attending with faculty who bring their own study experience into the classroom. We focus on active participation through more than 60 student organizations, competitive intercollegiate athletics, and colossal co-pop and internship opportunities. You will in any case find our across the nation recognized education cheap. We award more than $10 million in grants and scholarships per annum more than 90 percent of our students discover some form of financial aid. strategic point AND PLAN Mission Trine University mission for the outreach campuses is to provide accessible educational opportunities that are responsive to the needs of todays diverse population and lead to meaningful careers and lifelong development.Goals For future years, Trine University-Columbus try outs to achieve the following goals Reach out to individuals and employers in the biotic community wishing to better their Core skill and Sustainable Competitive Advantage In terms of core competency, Trine University outreach campuses seek to achieve big businessman by 1) providing high- character learning experiences not only in learning but also in detainment on projects and by 2) providing outstanding graduates to be prosperous. To translate these core competencies into a sustainable competitive advantage, Trine University outreach campuses will work closely with their students to achieve the best right edu cation contingent.SITUATION ANALYSIS The ultimate goal of Marketing 303 class is to produce a SOOT analysis which will elf provide direction and serve as a basis for the development of a marketing plan to promote Trine Universitys outreach campuses. We hope to accomplish this by assessing what we perceive to be Trine University strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. SOOT Analysts Marketing 303 class produced a SOOT analysis. Strengths reactivity to students and education needs Academically able students Effective teaching Supportive surroundings for teaching and learning Demonstrable results potent scholarship / financial aid resources and carry Weaknesses Distinguishing qualities and identity not well knownLack of strong, permeating presence in the external community Operational structure of regional outreach campuses also large a percentage of classes taught by part-timers Limited resources for faculty, staff, and students of regional outreach campuses Adjustmen t to pressures of growth Make presence known blast recruitment starting at the high school level More conversations and partnerships with local employers Developing and even better break within the rapidly developing market for on- demand education Expand possible technological competitive advantage applied science has made programs from around the state, nation and world accessible to anyone with an internet connection so a student can keep mum feel like they are getting a true classroom environment Responsiveness to students although responsiveness to students is a strength of Trine University, it also offers the opportunity for more rewarding efforts. educatees are more than customers they are participants in, contributors to, and products of a highly structured learning environment and developmental process Threats hale to grow at expense of fibre Growing competition from nearby universities physically and virtually Recruiting and retain high quality faculty and staff given change magnitude competition Rapidly advancing technology poses the most far-reaching, unavoidable, and unpredictable threat to institutional stability and competitiveness Enhancing and maintaining access to the University for minority, low income, and first-generation students Possible uncertainty of off-campus operations Competitors Indiana Wesleyan University Phoenix University Harrison College PICKUP ivy Tech Target Audience lofty School Students College Students Ethnic company Community members Customer Profile Profiles help us to gain a deeper concord of the audiences we are trying to reach by providing exposit into demographics, technocracies, chirographys and alee and lifestyles (VALS). High School Student Profile Demographics 16-18 years old County nonmigratory Limited income Live with parents Technocracies Immersed in technology Active in social networks schoolbook and chat are primary Chirographys multiplication Me seeks fear, feedback, lofty beliefs Value and Lifestyles (VALS)- Experiences High resource group motivated by self-expression Energetic, active and social College Student Profile 18-25 years old Work part-time whitethorn take up children Living on their own for the first time Receive financial aid Ethnic Community Member Profile Spanish speakingBicameral Limited understanding of higher education environment favour traditional media Those who favor speaking side of meat to speaking Spanish, use more technology Strong family values Challenged by family barriers to education Impressionable and likely to emulate passel they admire Motivated by exertion Community Member Profile sequence 26 + County business leader owners and managers financially stable with expendable income Parents of high school age children Have access to technology, but not avid users Use internet to research products / services Predominantly e-mail users Use some social networks set reputation and success Values education as a way to accomplis h goals Successful people who get enjoyment from their career and family MARKETING PRODUCT FOCUS This section describes the 1 year marketing and product objectives for Trine University-outreach campus and the target markets, points of difference, and sliping.Marketing and overlap Objectives Current markets. Current markets will be grown by expanding student sentience of the Columbus campus. New markets. By the end of the first year, we hope to have new students and a huge population growth to our campus. New products. By adding associates degrees, we see more expansion of students. Target Markets Two sign targets for Trine University outreach campus will be high school students and students looking to pursue their bachelor degree that already has their associates. Priority, however will be given to high school students because will be able to reach out to them since they will be starting their degree from fresh.Points of Difference Continuous improvements in education Qualified personnel singularity of its professional service More diversity in student body military position students or hard to identify. We are hoping to position it easier on students to identify who we are, what we stand for and why they should attend our campus. Marketing Program The four marketing mix elements of the Trine University Marketing Plan are detailed below with the purpose of increasing the overall visibleness of Trine University outreach campuses. harvesting outline Product line Trine University grants associate, baccalaureate, and masters degrees through exceptional programs offering career-oriented, hands-on learning and student- center teaching via Trines 450-acre main residential campus in Angola, but also at he eight outreach campuses listed below.Avon Columbus Fort Wayne Howe capital of Indiana Alligators Chervils South Bend Warsaw eccentric Product Quality Trine University understands and appreciates that the students have many choices in achieving their educa tional goals. Trine is committed to providing students with an innovative learning experience that many other institutions do not offer. Trine students should expect, Quality Trine interminably evaluates and assesses each degree program, student experiences, and student employment success Nationally recognized examinations ND certifications ensure Trine students have the edge to secure employment at a rate of close to 92 percent Affordability Various Scholarships and Financial embolden Programs are forthcoming to students who qualify U. S.News & creative activity Report ranks Trine as one of the top colleges and universities whose graduates carry the least(prenominal) come in of debt Ninety-eight percent of No departure date on transfer attribute from any accredited College or University toilet facility and Flexibility Eight week quicken courses Face-to-Face classes at outreach campuses or online courses available anytime, anyplace, anywhere Attention Trine brings workpl ace and educational experience into the classroom via well respected faculty to combine theory with hands-on learning They challenge you with rigorous academics but offer support and face-to-face attention Technologically Advanced The laptop computer program ensures all students have the same technology and advantages inside and outside the classroom school textbooks reduce the cost of textbooks by nearly 50 percent while also providing new tools such as the electronic highlighter, electronic note taking, note sharing, and the ability to collaborate with other students Packaging in the flesh(predicate) attention is Trines hallmark. It is the packaging that makes them standout among other universities and colleges. Students are not retributory a number but the future. Trine University takes this seriously and assists the students in their endeavors to Explore Experience Excel in all they do not Just while a Trine University student, but when they move into their chosen career . Price Strategy Students want the best value, high-quality education at a price they can afford. Trine University works hard to excel at both.Our hands-on learning and personal attention room dedicated professors provide the edge you, the student, need to launch a successful career or move up in your current organization. Trine University is an affordable private university with costs in the mid-range for private colleges in Indiana. Our graduates enter the workforce carrying the least amount of debt among graduates nationwide, according to U. S. News and origination Report. Promotion Strategy Key onward motion marketing strategies will be a combination of the following marketing conduct in an effort to reach electromotive force students. Mass marketing combined with targeted campaigns are designed to maximize communication.traditional Media Develop new print and presentation materials to connect with authorization students Use past students success stories to help motivate cu rrent and potential students TV/ Radio Print Outdoor Traditional Media Add video Develop text message options for accessing information about Trine Web advertize E-mail marketing Mobile-to-mobile Social Media Start or glide by to build a Backbone community Connect with the business community via social networking Backbone Blobs and micro blobs You Tube take in Media Create a public traffic campaign to get Trine University key messages in the news Use the media to merely position Trine University as the chancellor provider of tomorrows workforce Print column coverage TV/Radio propagate coverage Web coverage through blobs Promotions Place (Distribution) Strategy Trine University will attract other students by utilize a mixture of traditional and online advertising strategies listed above to create a grassroots marketing campaign. Trine will recruit current students to fill these outreach campuses marketing positions. It will further demonstrate that personal key signature tha t Trine University is so noted for.